Heterocyclic-substituted cyclopropanecarboxylate pesticides

ABSTRACT

New cyclopropane compounds have the formula ##STR1## wherein Y and Z each independently is oxygen or sulfur and X is chlorine, bromine or OR in which R is hydrogen, a salt-forming cation, an alkyl group or residues of certain other alcohols. The compounds are pesticides or intermediates therefore.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of the Invention

This invention is directed to new heterocyclic-substituted cyclopropane compounds, their use as pesticides, to pesticidal formulations containing these new compounds and to certain novel intermediates.

2. State of the Art

Certain O-heterocyclic- and S-heterocyclic-substituted cyclopropane compounds are described in Elliott et al., J.C.S. Perkin I, pages 2470-4 (1974).

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

It has now been found that certain heterocyclic-substituted cyclopropanecarboxylates are useful as pesticides and exhibit high knockdown characteristics as well as the ability to repel mites.

The invention is directed to new cyclopropane compounds having the formula ##STR2## wherein Y' and Z' each independently is an oxygen or sulfur atom and X is chlorine, bromine or OR in which R represents a hydrogen atom, a salt-forming cation, an alkyl group containing from 1 to 20 carbon atoms or a group of the formula I-IX ##STR3## wherein Y represents hydrogen or an alkyl, alkenyl or alkynyl group or an aryl or furyl group which is unsubstituted or substituted in the ring by one or more alkyl, alkenyl, alkoxy or halogeno groups, R⁷ and R⁸, which may be the same or different, each represent hydrogen or an alkyl or alkenyl group, R⁹ represents hydrogen or a methyl group, R¹⁰ and R¹¹ represent hydrogen or an alkyl group, R¹² represents an organic radical having carbon-carbon unsaturation in a position α to the CH₂ group to which R¹² is attached, A/S indicates an aromatic ring or a dihydro or tetrahydro analogue thereof, X¹, X², X³ and X⁴, which may be the same or different, each represents hydrogen, halogen or a methyl group, D represents H, --CN, --C.tbd.CH or ##STR4## in which R¹³ and R¹⁴ may be the same or different, each represent a hydrogen atom or an alkyl group containing from 1 to 10 carbon atoms, Z represents --CH₂ --, --O--, --CO-- or --S--, Z¹ and Z², which may be the same or different, each represent halogen or an alkyl group containing 1 to 4 carbon atoms and n is 0, 1 or 2, R³ and R⁴ each independently is a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom having an atomic number of from 9 to 35, inclusive, an alkyl group containing from 1 to 4 carbon atoms or a nitro group, R⁵ is a hydrogen atom or a halogen atom having an atomic number of from 9 to 35, inclusive, each R⁶ is independently a halogen atom having an atomic number of from 9 to 35, inclusive; and n is an integer of from 1 to 5 with the proviso that when D is --CN, --C.tbd.CH or ##STR5## then the alcohol moiety is in the R,S-racemic or in the S-optical configuration.

In the above formulas, suitable halogen atom substituents are chlorine, fluorine or bromine.

The cyclopropane compounds exhibit optical isomerism by virtue of the two asymmetric centers in the cyclopropane ring. Consequently, the compounds can be prepared in optically active forms, which can subsequently be mixed together, or as racemic mixtures, which can subsequently be prepared as optically active forms. Because they usually provide the highest degree of pest control, the (1R, cis) esters are preferred although the (1R, trans) esters are also active. In the esters of α-substituted alcohols in which D in formulas I or IV is other than hydrogen, there is a further possibility of optical isomerism, i.e., as R or as S optical configuration. The cyano esters in which these alcohols exist in the R optical configuration are without practical pest control activity. In addition, optically active forms can be separated into the individual geometrical isomers, when they are present in the compounds.

Since the biological activity of various optical or geometric isomers and diastereoisomer pairs in the esters of the invention wherein X is OR in which R is a group of formulas I-IX may differ somewhat, it may be desirable to use a more active optical and/or geometric isomer or diastereoisomer pair of the invention substantially free of the other isomers or pair.

The esters of the present invention wherein R represents a group of formula I-IX above are pesticidally active.

The heterocyclic-substituted cyclopropane compounds described above in which X is chlorine, bromine or OR in which R represents a hydrogen atom, a salt-forming cation or an alkyl group are useful intermediates for the production of the pesticidal esters.

When the ester is one formally derivable from a furylmethyl alcohol, it is preferred that the furylmethyl alcohol be a 3-furylmethyl alcohol as described and claimed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,466,304.

In the furylmethyl alcohols (R is formula I), and particularly in the 3-furylmethyl alcohols, it is preferred that R⁷ and R⁸ each represents hydrogen or groups containing up to 4 carbon atoms, particularly a methyl group and that Y represents a phenyl group which is unsubstituted or substituted in the ring by a group containing up to 4 carbon atoms, e.g., methyl or methoxy, or by chlorine and Z is CH₂ and D is H. Analogues of these compounds where Z is O, S or CO and D is CN or C.tbd.CH are also of interest. Further compounds of interest are those where Y represents a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group containing up to 4 carbon atoms, an alkenyl group containing up to 4 carbon atoms, e.g., vinyl, an alkadienyl group containing up to 4 carbon atoms or an alkynyl group, e.g., propargyl, or a furyl group.

Specific alcohols of this category, from which the esters of the invention are formally derivable, include 5-benzyl-3-furylmethyl alcohol, 5-benzyl-2-methyl-3-furylmethyl alcohol, 4-benzyl-5-methyl-2-furylmethyl alcohol, 5-(p-methylbenzyl)methyl-3-furylmethyl alcohol, 2,4,5-trimethyl-3-furylmethyl alcohol and 4,5-dimethyl-2-furylmethyl alcohol, 5-phenoxy- and 5-benzoyl-3-furylmethyl alcohol and α-cyano substituted 5-benzyl-, 5-benzoyl- or 5-phenoxy-3-furylmethyl alcohol.

The cyclopentenolones from which the esters of the invention are formally derivable are those unsubstituted in the 3-position or those substituted in the 3-position by a methyl group (R⁹ =H or CH₃).

The cyclopentenolones (R is formula II) unsubstituted in the 2-position are described and claimed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,720,703.

Some of these alcohols are the 3-desmethyl analogues of the alcohols from which the naturally occurring pyrethrins are derived. In the present invention, it is preferred that R¹⁰ and R¹¹ each represents hydrogen, methyl or ethyl and R¹² represents an aryl group such as a phenyl group or a phenyl group substituted by a halogeno or alkyl or alkoxy substituent of 1 to 4 carbon atoms, for example tolyl, xylyl, p-chlorophenyl or p-methoxyphenyl. R¹² may also represent a 2- or 3-furyl group or an alkenyl group such as vinyl, 1-propenyl or 1,3-butadienyl group.

When the esters of the invention are formally derivable from the cyclopentenolones which are substituted in the 3-position by the methyl group (R⁹ =R¹¹ =H, R¹² =vinyl), pyrethrolone (R¹⁰ =R¹¹ =H, R¹² =1,3-butadienyl), cinerolone (R¹⁰ =R¹¹ =H, R¹² =1-propenyl), jasmolone (R¹⁰ =R¹¹ =H, R¹² =1-butenyl), or furethrolone (R¹⁰ =R¹¹ =H, R¹² =2-furyl).

When the esters of the invention are phthalimidomethyl esters where R is of formula III, they may be phthalimido, dihydrophthalimido or tetrahydrophthalimidomethyl esters where the phthalimido, dihydrophthalimido or tetrahydrophthalimido residue (R is formula III) is one described in British patent specifications Nos. 985,006, 1,052,119 or 1,058,309. 3,4,5,6-Tetrahydrophthalimidomethyl esters are of particular interest.

When the esters of the invention are those where R is of formula IV, it is preferred that they be 3-benzylbenzyl esters, 3-benzoylbenzyl or 3-phenoxybenzyl esters although each of the rings may be substituted by up to 3 chloro and/or methyl groups. Other esters of particular interest where R is of formula IV are those where Z represents O or CH₂ and D represents CN or C.tbd.CH, e.g., esters of α-cyano or α-ethynyl substituted 3-phenoxy-, 3-benzyl or 3-benzyloxybenzyl alcohol. Such alcohols are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,666,789, 3,835,176 and 3,862,174.

The alcohols, from which the substituent R as a group of the formulas I-III is derived, are known in the art as, for example, in U.S. patents 3,567,740 and 3,683,005 and Hatch et al., J. Amer. Chem. Soc., 79, pages 3091-3 (1957).

Suitable routes to the esters in which D is ##STR6## are similar to those described in Belgian Pat. No. 839,360. One route involves treating the corresponding nitrile (D is --CN) with hydrogen sulfide in the presence of a basic catalyst, preferably in the presence of a solvent. Useful solvents are lower alkanols, pyridine, or preferably a dipolar aprotic solvent, such as dimethylformamide or hexamethylphosphoramide. The catalyst is preferably a strong nitrogeneous base, particularly a tertiary amine such as triethylamine, trimethylamine, or the like, or an alkanolamine, such as triethanolamine and the like. The reaction can be carried out at room temperature. It is desirable that the reaction solution be saturated with hydrogen sulfide.

Examples of species within the scope of the present invention include:

α-ethynyl-3-phenoxybenzyl 2,2-dimethyl-3-(2-methyl-1,3-dithiolan-2-ylmethyl)cyclopropanecarboxylate,

pentachlorobenzyl 2,2-dimethyl-3-(2-methyl-1,3-oxathiolan-2-ylmethyl)cyclopropanecarboxylate

5-benzyl-3-furylmethyl 2,2-dimethyl-3-(2-methyl-1,3-oxothiolan-2-ylmethyl)cyclopropanecarboxylate

3-chloro-4-phenyl-2-buten-1-yl 2,2-dimethyl-3-(2-methyl-1,3-dithiolan-2-ylmethyl)cyclopropanecarboxylate and

3,4,5,6-tetrahydrophthalimidomethyl 2,2-dimethyl-3-(2-methyl-1,3-dioxolan-2-ylmethyl)cyclopropanecarboxylate.

Because of their pesticidal utility in agricultural and domestic situations, preferred compounds of the invention (subject to the same provisions stated above) are those wherein R is 5-benzyl-3-furylmethyl, α-cyano-3-phenoxybenzyl, 3-phenoxybenzyl or α-ethynyl-3-phenoxybenzyl, 2,6-dichlorobenzyl or pentachlorobenzyl. A particularly preferred subclass of the invention are those esters derived from the S-α-cyano-3-phenoxybenzyl alcohol. Especially when the acid moiety of such esters is in the (1R,cis) form.

Suitably, Y' and Z' are alike--that is, both oxygen atoms or both sulfur atoms. Preferably, Y' and Z' are both an oxygen atom.

The starting material for the preparation of the cyclopropanecarboxylic acids of the present invention is 2,2-dimethyl-3-(2-oxopropyl)cyclopropanecarboxylic acid having the formula X. ##STR7## Matsui et al., Agr. Biol. Chem., 29, No. 8, p. 784-6 (1965) discloses the above acid and its preparation from Δ³ -carene. The acid is conveniently converted into the corresponding methyl ester by treatment with ethereal diazomethane, for example, by methods similar to the methyl ester as described in Matsui et al. The methyl ester of the acid of formula X is treated with boron trifluoride ethyl ester and ethylene glycol, ethanedithiol or the like, to form the cyclopropanecarboxylic acid methyl ester of the formula XI ##STR8## wherein Y' and Z' have the meanings defined above. This ester is hydrolyzed to the free carboxylic acid, e.g. with aqueous alkali such as sodium hydroxide.

The pesticidal esters of the present invention may be prepared by esterification involving the reaction of an alcohol or derivative thereof of formula RQ e.g., of formula XII or XIII and a cyclopropane carboxylic acid or derivative thereof of formula XIV ##STR9## where Q and COP are functional groups or atoms which will react to form an ester linkage and R⁷, R⁸, R⁹, R¹⁰, R¹¹, R¹², D, Y, Z, Y' and Z are as defined above.

It is usually convenient in practice either to treat the acid or acid halide with the alcohol (COP=COOH or CO-halide and Q=OH) or to treat a halogeno compound (Q=halogen) with a salt of the carboxylic acid (COP=COO--M where M is, for example, a silver or triethylammonium cation).

Alcohols and halides of formula XIII are described and claimed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,720,703.

Alcohols of formula RQ where R is a group of formula IV may be prepared by reduction of the corresponding acids or esters or aldehyde, e.g., with hydride, or by conversion of the corresponding halide to an ester, e.g., by reaction with sodium acetate, followed by hydrolysis of the ester, or by reaction of formaldehyde with a Grignard reagent derived from the corresponding halide. The halides of formula RQ where R is a group of formula IV can be prepared by halomethylation of the compound ##STR10## or side chain halogenation of ##STR11##

When R is a salt-forming cation, it is selected from alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, aluminum, heavy metals, such as copper, silver, nickel and the like, ammonia or a tetrahydrocarbylammonium compound in which the total number of carbon atoms in the hydrocarbyl groups is between 4 and 70 carbon atoms. The hydrocarbyl groups can be alkyl, aryl, aralkyl and the like. Preferably, the hydrocarbyl groups are selected from alkyl groups containing from 1 to 10 carbon atoms and aralkyl groups containing from 7 to 10 carbon atoms.

When R is an alkyl group, it contains from 1 to 20 carbon atoms, and preferably from 1 to 6 carbon atoms, for example, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, tert-butyl and the like.

As stated earlier, the esters wherein X is OR in which R is a group of formula I-IX are useful pest control agents having the ability to knock down insects, such as houseflies, or repel mites and/or to kill insects. The particular mode of pest control activity (high knockdown, repelling or killing action) can vary with the individual cyclopropanecarboxylate ester of the invention and thus depends on the specific combination of acid and alcohol moieties.

The invention includes, within its scope, pesticical compositions comprising a pesticidally acceptable adjuvant--that is, at least one carrier or a surface-active agent--and, as active ingredient, at least one pesticidally active ester of this invention. Likewise, the invention includes also a method of combatting insect, acarine or other arthropod pests at a locus which comprises applying to the pests or to the locus a pesticidally effective amount of at least one compound of the invention.

With respect to the spectrum of pesticidal activity, the compounds of this invention exhibit a selective or non-selective activity on such orders as Coleoptera, Lepidoptera (especially larvae), Diptera, Orthoptera, Hemiptera, Homoptera and Acarina depending upon a specific combination of acid and an alcohol according to the present invention. The compositions according to the present invention are very useful for controlling disease-carrying insects such as mosquitoes, flies and cockroaches, grain insects such as rice weevil (Sitophilus oryzae) and mites as well as agricultural noxious insects such as planthoppers, green rice leafhopper (Nephotettix bipuntatus cinticeps Uhler), diamondback moths (Plutella maculipennis Curtis), imported cabbage worm (Pieris rapae Linne), rice stem borers (Chilo suppressalis Walker), corn earworm larvae (Heliothis zea Boddie), aphids, tortrixes, leaf-miners and the like.

The esters are used for harvested crops, horticultural application, forests, cultures in green house, packaging materials for foodstuffs, household applications and as ectoparasiticides.

The term "carrier" as used herein means a material, that may be inorganic or organic and of synthetic or natural origin with which the active compound is mixed or formulated to facilitate its application to the plant, seed, soil and other object to be treated, or its storage, transport or handling. The carrier may be a solid or a liquid.

Suitable solid carriers may be natural and synthetic clays and silicates, for example, natural silicas such as diatomaceous earths; magnesium silicates, for example, talcs; magnesium aluminum silicates, for example, attapulgites and vermiculites; aluminum silicates, for example, kaolinites, montmorillonites and micas; calcium carbonate; calcium sulfate; synthetic hydrated silicon oxides and synthetic calcium or aluminum silicates; elements such as for example, carbon and sulfur; natural and synthetic resins such as, for example, coumarone resins, polyvinyl chloride and sytrene polymers and copolymers; solid polychlorophenols; bitumen, waxes such as beeswax, paraffin wax, and chlorinated mineral waxes; degradable organic solids, such as ground corn cobs and walnut shells; and solid fertilizers, for example superphosphates.

Suitable liquid carriers include solvents for the compounds of this invention and liquids in which the toxicant is insoluble or only slightly soluble.

Examples of such solvents and liquid carriers, generally, are water, alcohols, for example, isopropyl alcohol, ketones, such as acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, methyl isobutyl ketone and cyclohexanone; ethers; aromatic hydrocarbons such as benzene, toluene and xylene; petroleum fractions, such as kerosene, light mineral oils, chlorinated hydrocarbons, such as methylene chloride, perchlorethylene, trichloroethane, including liquified normally vaporous gaseous compounds. Mixtures of different liquids are often suitable.

If used, the surface-active agent may be an emulsifying agent or a dispersing agent or a wetting agent. It may be nonionic, ionic or preferably, mixtures of both. Surface-active agents usually applied in formulating pesticides may be used. Examples of such surface-active agents are the sodium or calcium salts of polyacrylic acids and lignin sulfonic acids; the condensation products of fatty acids or aliphatic amines or amides containing at least 12 carbon atoms in the molecule with ethylene oxide and/or propylene oxide; fatty acid esters of glycerol, sorbitan, sucrose or pentaerythritol; fatty acids salts of low molecular weight, mono-, di- and trialkyl-amines; condensates of these with ethylene oxide and/or proplyene oxide; condensation products of fatty alcohols or alkyl phenols, for example, p-octylphenol or p-octylcresol, with ethylene oxide and/or propylene oxide; sulfates or sulfonates of these condensation products; alkali or alkaline earth metal salts, preferably sodium salts of sulfonated castor oil, and sodium alkylaryl sulfonates such as sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate; and polymers of ethylene oxide and copolymers of ethylene oxide and propylene oxide.

The compositions of the invention may be formulated as wettable powders, dusts, granules, solutions, emulsifiable concentrates, emulsions, suspension concentrates or aerosols. Encapsulated formulations and controlled release formulations are also contemplated, as are bait formulations. Wettable powders are usually compounded to contain 25, 50 or 75%w of toxicant and usually contain, in addition to solid carrier, 3-10%w of stabilizer(s) and/or other additives such as penetrants or stickers. Dusts are usually formulated as a dust concentrate having a similar composition to that of a wettable powder but without a dispersant, and are diluted in the field with further solid carrier to give a composition usually containing 1/2-10%w of toxicant. Granules may be manufactured by extrusion of plastics, agglomeration or impregnation techniques. Generally, granules will contain 1/2-25%w toxicant and 0-10%w of additives such as stabilizers, slow release modifiers and binding agents. Emulsifiable concentrates usually contain, in addition to the solvent, and when necessary, cosolvent, 10-50%w/v toxicant, 2-20%w/v emulsifiers and 0-20%w/v of appropriate additives such as stabilizers, penetrants and corrosion inhibitors. Suspension concentrates are compounded so as to obtain a stable, non-sedimenting, flowable product and usually contain 10-75%w toxicant, 0-5%w of dispersing agents, 0.1-10%w of suspending agents such as protective colloids and thixotropic agents, 0-10%w of appropriate additives such as defoamers, corrosion inhibitors, stabilizers, penetrants and stickers, and as carrier, water or an organic liquid in which the toxicant is substantially insoluble; certain organic additives or inorganic salts may be dissolved in the carrier to assist in preventing sedimentation or as antifreeze agents for water.

Aqueous dispersions and emulsions, for example, compositions obtained by diluting a wettable powder or an emulsifiable concentrate according to the invention with water, also lie within the scope of the present invention.

The compositions of the invention can also contain other ingredients, for example, other compounds possessing pesticidal, herbicidal or fungicidal properties, or attractants, such as pheromones, attractive food ingredients, and the like, for use in baits and trap formulations.

Particularly useful compositions can be obtained by using a mixture of two or more kinds of the present compounds, or by the use of synergists, such as those known for use with the general class of "pyrethroid" compounds, especially α-[2-(2-butoxyethoxy)ethoxy]-4,5-methylenedioxy-2-propyltoluene also known as piperonyl butoxide, 1,2-methylene-dioxy-4-[2-(octylsulfinyl)propyl]benzene, 4-(3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl)-5-methyl-1,3-dioxane also known as safroxane, N-(2-ethyhexyl)bicyclo-[2,2,1]hept-5-ene-2,3-dicarboximide, octachlorodipropyl ether, isobornyl thiocyanoacetate, and other synergists used for allethrin and pyrethrin. Useful compositions can be prepared with other biological chemicals including other cyclopropanecarboxylates, organic phosphate type insecticides and carbamate type insecticides.

The compositions of the invention are applied in sufficient amount to supply the effective dosage of toxicant at the locus to be protected. This dosage is dependent upon many factors, including the carrier employed, the method and conditions of application, whether the formulation is present at the locus in the form of an aerosol, or as a film, or as discrete particles, the thickness of film or size of particles, the insect or acarine species to be controlled and the like, proper consideration and resolution of these factors to provide the necessary dosage of active material at the locus being within the skill of those versed in the art. In general, however, the effective dosage of toxicants of this invention at the locus to be protected--i.e. the applied dosage--is of the order or 0.01% to 0.5% based on the total weight of the formulation, though under some circumstances the effective concentration will be as little as 0.001% or as much as 2%, on the same basis.

The superior activity of the (1R,cis) esters of the invention is usefully employed when such an ester is present in an amount substantially greater than that usually present in the racemate of such an ester. Therefore, use of the (1R,cis) esters of the invention in a form substantially free of other stereoisomers is preferred, for example in a (1R,cis) isomer purity of greater than about 85%, preferably in a (1R,cis) isomer purity greater than about 90% or even greater than 95%.

ILLUSTRATIVE EMBODIMENTS

The invention is illustrated by the following embodiments which describe the preparation and biological testing of typical species of the invention with respect to representative insects and acarines. The embodiments are presented for the purpose of illustration only and should not be regarded as limiting the invention in any way. The identity of the products, including intermediates, was confirmed by elemental, infrared and nuclear magnetic resonance spectral (NMR) analyses as necessary.

EMBODIMENT I Methyl (1R,cis)-2,2-dimethyl-3-(2-methyl-1,3-dioxolan-2-ylmethyl)cyclopropanecarboxylate

To a solution of 1.2 g methyl (1R,cis)-2,2-dimethyl-3-(2-oxopropyl)cyclopropanecarboxylate in 5 ml of methylene chloride under nitrogen, were added by syringe 5 ml ethylene glycol and a catalytic amount of boron trifluoride ethyl ether. After 4 hours, the reaction mixture was diluted with chloroform, washed with water and then with sodium bicarbonate solution, dried over Na₂ SO₃ and stripped to give 1.4 g of a light amber oil. The stripped product was adsorbed on silica gel column and eluted with diethyl ether, and the eluate was dried and stripped to give 1.3 g of product. This product was chromatographed on silica gel using high performance liquid chromatography to yield a fraction that was determined to contain 1.1 g of the desired product; [α]_(D) ²³ =-37.6°(CHCl₃ ; c=2 g/100 ml).

EMBODIMENT II (1R,cis)-2,2-dimethyl-3-(2-methyl-1,3-dioxolan-2-ylmethyl)-cyclopropanecarboxyic acid

To a solution of 0.8 g of methyl (1R,cis)-2,2-dimethyl-3-(2-methyl-1,3-dioxolan-2-ylmethyl)cyclopropanecarboxylate in 5 ml of methanol, was added 1.6 ml of a 10% aqueous sodium hydroxide solution. The mixture was heated at 51° C. for 16 hours. The resulting mixture was diluted with water, acidified to pH 3 with 1 N hydrochloric acid, extracted with diethyl ether, and the extract was dried over magnesium sulfate and stripped to give 0.45 g of the desired product as a clear oil.

EMBODIMENT III α-Cyano-3-phenoxybenzyl (1R,cis)-2,2-dimethyl-3-(2-methyl-1,3-dioxolan-2-ylmethyl)cyclopropanecarboxylate

To a solution of 0.13 g of potassium carbonate, 0.013 g of tetrabutylammonium sulfate and 0.013 g of benzyltriethylammonium chloride in 2 ml of water, was added 0.4 g of (1R,cis)-2,2-dimethyl-3-(2-methyl-1,3-dioxolan-2-ylmethyl)cyclopropanecarboxylic acid prepared as in Embodiment II above in 4 ml toluene. To the resulting reaction mixture was added as one portion 0.54 g of α-cyano-3-phenoxybenzyl bromide. The resulting reaction mixture was heated for 6 hours at 65°-90° and then stirred at room temperature for 16 hours. The toluene phase was separated, diluted with 10 ml of toluene, washed successively with water, saturated sodium bicarbonate solution, and saturated sodium chloride solution, then dried over magnesium sulfate and stripped to yield 0.8 g of product as an amber oil. [α]_(D) ²³ =-5.41(CHCl₃ ; c=2 g/100 ml).

Pesticidal Activity

Activity of the compounds of this invention with respect to insect and acarine pests was determined by using standardized test methods to test the toxicity of the compounds as follows:

I. Houseflies (Musca domestica (Linne)) were tested by placing 50 4- to 5-day old houseflies into a spray cage and spraying with 0.6 ml of a solution of test compound. After spraying, the flies were anesthetized with CO₂ and transferred to a recovery cage containing a milk pad for food. The cages were held for 18-20 hours after which mortality counts were made. Both dead and moribund were counted. The tests were conducted employing several different dosage rates of each test compound.

II. Pea aphids (Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris)) were tested by placing about 100 aphids on broad bean plants. The plants were sprayed with dilutions of acetone solution of test compound into water containing an emulsifier and held in containers under laboratory conditions for 18 to 20 hours at which time the living aphids in the containers were counted. The tests were conducted employing several different dosage rates of each test compound.

III. Adult female two-spotted spider mites (Tetranychus urticae (Koch)) were tested by placing 50-75 mites on the bottom side of leaves of pinto bean plants. The leaves were sprayed with dilutions of acetone solution of test compound into water containing an emulsifier and kept under laboratory conditions for about 20 hours at which time mortality counts were made. The test were conducted employing several different dosage rates of test compounds.

IV. Mosquito larvae (Anopheles albimanus (Weide)) were tested by placing ten living and active mosquito larvae in a jar containing a 0.1 ml aliquot of a 1% acetone solution of test compound thoroughly mixed with 100 ml of distilled water. After 18-22 hours, mortality counts were taken. Both dead and moribund larvae were counted as dead. Larvae which did not swim after being prodded with a needle were considered moribund. The tests were conducted employing several different dosage rate for each test compound.

V. Corn earworm larvae (Heliothis zea (Boddie)) were tested by spraying a broad bean plant with dilutions of acetone solution of test compound into water containing an emulsifier. Immediately after spraying, 5 larvae were transferred to the plant and held for 44-46 hours, at which time the dead and moribund larvae were counted. The tests were conducted employing several different dosage rates for each test compound.

In each instance, the toxicity of the compound of the invention was compared to that of a standard pesticide (Parathion), its relative toxicity then being expressed in terms of the relationship between the amount of compound of the invention and the amount of the standard pesticide required to produce the same percentage (50) of mortality in the test insects or acarine. Assigning the standard pesticide an arbitrary rating of 100, the toxicities of the compounds of the invention were expressed in terms of the toxicity indexes, which compares the toxicity of the compounds of the invention with that of the standard pesticide. That is to say, a test compound having a Toxicity Index of 50 would be half as active, whereas one having a Toxicity Index of 200 would be twice as active as the standard pesticide.

Results of the above tests are shown in Table I.

                  TABLE I                                                          ______________________________________                                         Pesticidal Activity of Cyclopropanecarboxylate Oximes                          Expressed As Toxicity Index Relative To That Of                                Parathion As A Standard Equal To 100                                                      House-   Pea      2-Spotted                                                                              Corn                                      Embodiment fly      Aphid    Mite    Earworm                                   ______________________________________                                         III        6.7      +        +.sup.(1)                                                                              7.9                                       ______________________________________                                          .sup.+ means "low toxicity".                                                   .sup.(1) may repel mites.                                                 

I claim:
 1. A cyclopropane compound having the formula ##STR12## wherein Y' and Z' each independently is an oxygen atom or a sulfur atom and X is chlorine, bromine or OR in which R represents a hydrogen atom, a salt-forming cation, an alkyl group containing from 1 to 20 carbon atoms or a group of the formulas I-IX ##STR13## wherein Y represents hydrogen or an alkyl, alkenyl or alkynyl group or an aryl or furyl group which is unsubstituted or substituted in the ring by one or more alkyl, alkenyl, alkoxy or halogeno groups, R⁷ and R⁸, which may be the same or different, each represent hydrogen or an alkyl or alkenyl group, R⁹ represents hydrogen or a methyl group, R¹⁰ and R¹¹ represent hydrogen or an alkyl group, R¹² represents an organic radical having carbon-carbon unsaturation in a position α to the CH₂ group to which R¹² is attached, A/S indicates an aromatic ring or a dihydro or tetrahydro analogue thereof, X¹, X², X³ and X⁴, which may be the same or different, each represents hydrogen, halogen or a methyl group, D represents H, --CN, --C.tbd.CH or ##STR14## in which R¹³ and R¹⁴ may be the same or different, each represent a hydrogen atom or an alkyl group containing from 1 to 10 carbon atoms, Z represents --CH₂ --, --O--, --CO-- or --S--, Z¹ and Z², which may be the same or different, each represent halogen or an alkyl group containing 1 to 4 carbon atoms and n is 0, 1 or 2, R³ and R⁴ each independently is a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom having an atomic number of from 9 to 35, inclusive, an alkyl group containing from 1 to 4 carbon atoms or a nitro group, R⁵ is ahydrogen atom or a halogen atom having an atomic number of from 9 to 35, inclusive, each R⁶ is independently a halogen atom having an atomic number of from 9 to 35, inclusive; and n' is an integer of from 1 to 5 with the proviso that when D is --CN, --C.tbd.CH or ##STR15## then the alcohol moiety is in the R,S-racemic or in the S-optical configuration.
 2. A cyclopropane compound according to claim 1 wherein X is OR in which R is a group of formulas I, IV or VII.
 3. A cyclopropane compound according to claim 2 wherein R is 5-benzyl-3-furylmethyl, α-cyano-3-phenoxybenzyl, 3-phenoxybenzyl, 2,6-dichlorobenzyl or petnachlorobenzyl.
 4. A cyclopropane compound according to claim 3 wherein Y' and Z' each is an oxygen atom.
 5. A cyclopropane compound according to claim 4 wherein R is α-cyano-3-phenoxybenzyl.
 6. A pesticidal composition comprising a pesticidally effective amount of a cyclopropane compound according to claim 1 wherein X is OR in which R is a group selected from the formula I through IX, inclusive, and at least one agriculturally acceptable surface-active agent or carrier therefore.
 7. A method of controlling pests at a locus which comprises applying to the pests or to the locus a pesticidally effective amount of a cyclopropane carboxylate according to claim 1 wherein X is OR in which R is a group selected from formulas I through IX, inclusive.
 8. A method according to claim 7 wherein the pests are larvae of the order Lepidoptera. 